Sources of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Norwegian Sea: Evidence from their spatial distribution in surface water   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Lutz Ahrens  Wolfgang Gerwinski  Ralf Ebinghaus 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(2):255-5700

The spatial distribution of 15 polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in surface water was investigated in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Norwegian Sea. In addition, an interlaboratory comparison of the sampling techniques and analysis was conducted. Highest concentration in the North Sea was found near the coast, whereas the ∑PFC concentration decreased rapidly from 18.4 to 0.07 ng l⁻¹ towards the open North Sea. The river Elbe could identify as a local input source for PFCs into the North Sea, whereas perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was transported into the sampling area with the easterly current. In contrast to the North Sea, the distribution of PFCs in the Baltic Sea was relatively homogenous, where diffuse sources dominated. In general, the composition profile was influenced from local sources caused by human activities, whereas atmospheric depositions of here analysed PFCs were negligible, but it could have possibly an influence on low contaminated sites like the open North Sea or Norwegian Sea.  相似文献   

汶川M_S8.0地震绵竹县汉旺镇周边地表破裂带展布方式及其震害意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

孙昌斌  谢新生  江娃利 《地震地质》2010,32(2):200

2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震的震中烈度为Ⅺ度,但位于地震烈度为Ⅹ度区边缘的绵竹县汉旺镇,无论是房屋毁坏情况还是遇难和失踪人员的数目,均高出周边地震烈度Ⅰ度,接近极震区的破坏程度。文中从汉旺镇周边地表地震破裂带展布方式的角度讨论了这种震害加重现象的原因,介绍了位于汉旺镇北面和南面出现的2条相距1.5km呈左阶斜列展布的地表破裂带。其中,位于汉旺镇北侧的地表破裂带,垂直位移1.4m,水平右旋位移0.44m;位于汉旺镇南侧的地表破裂带,垂直位移量由西向东递减,为3.0～0.2m。尽管这2条地表破裂带没有从汉旺镇中心通过,但汉旺镇正位于这2条地表破裂带夹持的左阶阶区,致使阶区内建筑物除遭受来自震源的振动外,又受到阶区内的挤压,由此加重了汉旺镇建筑物的破坏,也显示出地表破裂带对建筑物破坏形式的多样性。汉旺镇汶川MS8.0地震震害实例表明,地表破裂带的阶区,也是遭受地震时破坏加重的特殊构造部位  相似文献   

普通民众认知与响应汶川M_S8.0地震特征分析——以陕西勉县为例          下载免费PDF全文

郁耀闯  周旗  王长燕 《地震地质》2010,32(2):269

为进一步了解普通民众对汶川MS8.0地震灾害的认知与响应程度,并为政府防震减灾战略的制定和实施提供科学依据,根据地震灾害认知与响应结构体系设计了普通民众地震灾害认知与响应调查问卷,主要指标体系包括地震灾害知识、防震减灾技能、自救互救和震后信息传播等4个方面。基于权重和赋分,构建了指标体系各部分评价模型和地震灾害认知与响应总体评价模型,以此来计算普通民众地震灾害认知与响应的综合得分。测评结果表明:1)勉县灾区民众认知与响应地震灾害的综合水平与能力均处于不及格水平;2)在认知与响应地震灾害方面,民众的防震减灾技能最差,对地震灾害知识的了解水平次之,而震时及震后自救互救与震后信息传播2个层面稍好一些;3)普通民众对地震知识和观点的理解还停留在表面现象上,对复杂、抽象的地震知识的理解和掌握,特别是对地震知识掌握的准确性和深层次理解还有待于进一步提高;4)从震后民众获取地震灾害信息的主渠道来看,加大政府关于地震灾害知识和防灾技能的宣传力度以及使地震信息公开透明化是降低地震灾害风险的有效途径之一  相似文献   

Simultaneous Analysis of Natural Free Estrogens and Their Sulfate Conjugates in Wastewater     

Ze‐hua Liu  Yoshinori Kanjo  Satoshi Mizutani 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(12):1146-1151

Natural estrogens from humans increasingly attract attention because of their strong endocrine disrupting potency. The discharge of sewage water is considered as the most important source of these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment. Therefore, a GC‐MS method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of six natural free estrogens and their sulfate conjugates in municipal wastewater, in which natural free estrogens and sulfate conjugates were successfully separated from an Oasis HLB solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge with two different eluents, and the sulfate conjugates were then transformed to their corresponding free estrogens by acid solvolysis. Before the analysis with GC‐MS, samples were derivatized by N,O‐bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) plus 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) at 80°C for 40 min. Satisfactory recoveries ranging from 64 to 112.3% were obtained by spiking ultra‐purified water, raw, and treated municipal wastewater with the six estrogens at 50, 100, and 50 ng/L, respectively. The method was successfully applied to wastewater samples from one WWTP, which suggested that E1 was the dominant natural estrogens in effluent and E3‐3S was one of the conjugates possibly occurring in the effluent.  相似文献   

Simultaneous Analysis of Natural Free Estrogens and Their Conjugates in Wastewater by GC‐MS     

Ze‐Hua Liu  Takeshi Hashimoto  Yoichi Okumura  Yoshinori Kanjo  Satoshi Mizutani 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(2):181-188

A solid‐phase extraction (SPE)‐gas chromatography (GC)‐mass spectrometry (MS) analytical method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of natural free estrogens and their conjugates in wastewater samples. Natural free estrogens and their conjugates in wastewater were successfully separated by the oasis hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance solid phase extraction (Oasis HLB SPE) method, and the conjugates were initially enzyme hydrolyzed by β‐glucuronidase or arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia prior to derivatization. N‐methyl‐N‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) plus 1% tert‐butyldimetheylchlorosilane (TBDMCS) was chosen as the derivatization reagent, and the most appropriate conditions of derivatization were determined to be at 95°C for 90 min. The recovery ratios of nine target chemicals were determined by spiking them in 1 L of ultra‐purified water or the influent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The recovery ratios of six out of nine for the analytes ranged from 73.3–114.9% with relative standard deviations (RSD) from 1.6–19.9%. The established method was successfully applied to environmental wastewater samples which were collected from one municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Osaka, Japan, for the determination of natural free estrogens and their conjugates. In the influent sample, E1, E2, E1‐3S, E3‐3S, and E1‐3G were detected at concentrations of 16.6, 9.6, 8.2, 21.9, and 3.2 ng L^–1, respectively. However, only E1 was detected at a high concentration of 44 ng L^–1 in the effluent sample, suggesting that it is the dominant natural free estrogen in the effluent.  相似文献   

2008年盈江5.9级地震序列震源参数研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

杨晶琼  杨周胜  刘丽芳  苏有锦  张森 《地震研究》2010,33(4)

2008年8月21日在云南省盈江县发生了MS5.9地震。利用云南区域数字地震台网记录的ML≥2.5余震波形记录,通过对S波观测记录谱进行传播路径、场地响应和仪器响应等影响的逐一消除,得到了196个ML≥2.5地震的震源谱,进而根据Brune圆盘震源模型,利用遗传算法计算了地震矩、应力降、震源半径等震源参数,结果表明,该地震序列的地震矩在1012～1016N.m间,与近震震级有很好的线性关系,与震源半径也呈线性关系;应力降与近震震级有一定的线性趋势相关性;拐角频率和地震矩之间有明显的依赖关系。  相似文献   

汶川M_S8.0地震兰州烈度速报强震动记录与初步分析          下载免费PDF全文

刘旭宙  张元生  周民都  闵祥仪 《地震工程学报》2010,32(4):376-380

2008年汶川MS8.0地震有感地区范围大于1 000km。甘肃省十五期间在兰州市架设了50个强震台站用于实现市区范围内的强震动烈度速报,在本次地震中大多数台站都记录到了相应的强震动记录,其中最大单道加速度峰值记录为40.4cm/s2。本文展示了43个兰州烈度速报台站记录到的共129道本次地震强震动记录信息,并初步分析了兰州市加速度峰值分布和加速度峰值与土层厚度的对应情况。  相似文献   

紫坪铺水库库区地震精定位研究及分析   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

卢显  张晓东  周龙泉  张致伟 《地震》2010,30(2):10-19

利用双差定位法, 对紫坪铺水库台网8个地震台站记录到的2004年8月16日至2008年5月10日的1569个小震进行重新定位。 结果显示, 重新定位后的小震主要集中分布在龙门山推覆构造带的中央北川—映秀断裂、 前山灌县-江油断裂和后山汶川—茂汶断裂上, 其中大部分地震位于北川—映秀断裂并收敛于紫坪铺水库的两端, 走向NE向; 震源深度集中在5~15 km范围内, 平均深度为7.8 km, 15~30 km也有少量地震发生。 水库区域小震活动频度与水库水位存在一定的相关性。 精定位后, 到时残差的均方根平均值为0.048 s, 震源位置的估算误差在水平方向上平均为0.63 km, 在垂直方向上平均为0.51 km。 文中还讨论了紫坪铺水库区震源分布和地质构造的关系。  相似文献   

A Practical Approach for Collecting Large‐n Detrital Zircon U‐Pb Data sets by Quadrupole LA‐ICP‐MS          下载免费PDF全文

William A. Matthews  Bernard Guest 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2017,41(2):161-180

A measurement procedure for the rapid acquisition of U‐Pb dates for detrital zircons by quadrupole LA‐ICP‐MS was developed. The procedure achieves a threefold increase in measurement efficiency compared with the most commonly used methods. Utilising reduced background counting times and a shortened ablation period, a throughput of ~ 130 measurements/h can be achieved. The measurement procedure was characterised and validated using data from thirty‐nine sessions acquired over a twelve‐month period. Systematic measurement error in ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U dates for reference materials used for quality control with ages between 28.2 and 2672 Ma was < 1.5%. Average measurement uncertainty, including both random and systematic components, was 1–4% (2s). Interrogation of time‐resolved calculated dates and signal intensities for each measurement allows for the detection and elimination of portions of measurements exhibiting age heterogeneities, zoning, lead loss and contamination by common lead. The measurement procedure diminishes the need to acquire cathodoluminescence imagery for routine detrital zircon applications further increasing throughput and reducing cost. The utility of the measurement procedure is demonstrated by the measurement of samples previously characterised by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS.  相似文献   

Investigating the Influence of Non‐Spectral Matrix Effects in the Determination of Twenty‐Two Trace Elements in Rock Samples by ICP‐QMS          下载免费PDF全文

Tetsuya Yokoyama  Yuichiro Nagai  Yu Hinohara  Tomohiko Mori 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2017,41(2):221-242

The influence of non‐spectral matrix effects on the determination of twenty‐two trace elements (Rb, Sr, Y, Cs, Ba, lanthanides, Pb, Th and U) in rock samples using ICP‐MS was investigated. Three types of multi‐element solutions were synthesised containing the twenty‐two trace elements, In, Tl and ten major rock‐forming elements with varying mass fractions mimicking the compositions of basalt, peridotite and dolomite. The synthetic solutions were conditioned to have dilution factors (DF) of 1000–10000. The extent of sensitivity suppression relative to the DF = 10000 solution became more significant for smaller DF solutions, which was not constant across different elements in a single solution but displayed general dependence on m/z. This indicates that at least two internal standards (e.g., In and Tl) are required for the correction of sensitivity variation. On the basis of the results, a new isotope dilution‐internal standardisation method for the determination of twenty‐two trace elements with ICP‐MS was developed, in which the sensitivity variation was corrected by monitoring two enriched isotopes, ¹¹³In and ²⁰³Tl. This method, coupled with the quantitative correction of interference from oxides and hydroxides, achieved precise determination of twenty‐two trace elements in some rock reference materials with reproducibilities of ±2% for basaltic to andesitic samples.  相似文献